Anthurium is commercially produced as cut flowers and potted plants and known for its colorful spathes. It is traditionally propagated by stem cutting and suckers, so micropropagation is an alternative production method. In this experiment we carried out shoot regeneration in Anthurium andreanum ‘Clisto’. The leaf explant was used and after sterilization, they cultured on two different media (half-strength MS and Nitsch’s media) which supplemented with different compositions of 2, 4-D (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mg/L) and BA (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L). After three months callus size and percentage of explant that produced callus were measured and callus transferred to MS media with different concentrations of BA (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mg/L). After 6 months, number of shoot, shoot length and leaf number was recorded. The highest callus proliferation was obtained in Nitsch’ media supplemented with 0.25 mg/L 2, 4-D and 0.25 or 0.5 mg/L BA. The callus was creamy color and compact. The highest shoot regeneration was observed in media with 0.75 mg/L BA. We cloud achieved 31 shoot per callus segment in the best treatment. Rooting was easily performed in peat: perlite (1:2) pots and they well acclimated and transferred to greenhouse and 99% plants were survived.

The hairy root formation is performed by transferring of special genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenesplasmid's to the explants. These roots are used to increase of valuable pharmaceutical secondary metabolites. One of the most important factors that inhibits the hairy root formation after induction of explants byA. rhizogenes is browning. The cause of browning in leaf explants is probably release of phenolic compounds from the wound site or defense mechanisms performed in plant cells against infection byA. rhizogenes. In this study, the root explants of four species of solanaceae family includingAtropa belladonna, Hyoscyamus niger, Datura stramonium and Datura metelwere induced by different strains of A. rhizogenes (AR318, AR15834, AR9543, A7, AR9402, and A4) and the percent of browning evaluated in these explants. For the results, the minimum percent (2% and 6%) of browning observed in leaf explants that induced by strains of A4 and AR15834 respectively. Hence, the use of these strains is appropriate for induction of hairy roots in thesolanaceae family.

Embryogenic calli production in Vitis is mainly possible by use of such regenerative tissues as anther and ovary. Because of long periods of time required for obtaining such tissues, use of such vegetative organs as leaf explant would be a promising alternative. Towards this end, leaf explants were taken from two varieties of ‘Flame Seedless’ and ‘Red Sultanina’ to be raised in. MS medium, consisting of 2.5 mM 2, 4-D, 1.1 mM BAP, 1 g/l Cazein Hydrolizate, 20 g/l sucrose, and 7 gr/l of agar. After two months, calli were transferred to the same medium except for 2-4, D which was replaced by NAA. Three months after explants' culture, calli were transferred to MS medium containg varied concentrations of BAP (1, 2 & 3.5 mg/l), and IAA (2, 5 & 15 mg/l). Results showed that among different hormonal treatments, the fifth medium (BAP 5 mg/l & IAA 2 mg/l) induced a maximum embryogenesis in calli of cv. Flame Seedless.

Necessary conditions for callus production from leaf and stem explants of Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria excelsa L.) have been studied. MS and BM culture media containing 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg/l NAA, IBA, 2,4-D and picloram supplemented with 30 g/l sucrose were used. Callus was initiated in both culture media only in the presence of picloram and in the dark, but BM culture medium produced more callus than MS and its amount was more in the stem explants as compared with the leaf explants. In order to originate somatic embryos, calli were transferred to MS and BM culture media containing low concentrations of NAA, IBA, 2,4-D, and picloram (0.1 and 0.2 mg/l each) and without auxin supplemented with 30 g/l mannitol, 30 g/l ABA, 4 g/l PEG and 80 g/l of sucrose, but no somatic embryos were originated from the calli in the above media.

African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendi. ) is an important ornamental plant due to its various colors and shapes. The present study was conducted to compare the in vitro and in vivo propagation methods in this plant. At in vitro culture, the interactive effect of five explant types (leaf blade, petiole, petiole without epidermis, whole inflorescence and flower without petals) and three cultivars (‘ Cool Blue’ , ‘ Rondita’ and ‘ Knight Rider’ ) cultivated on MS culture medium containing 0. 1 mg/l NAA and 1 mg/l BA were investigated. At in vivo culture, leaf cuttings of three cultivars were cultured in wrapped plastic dishes contained 70% peat-moss and 30% perlite. Propagation speed and number of buds in two methods were compared. Results showed explant type and cultivar effected the rate of regeneration significantly. In cv. ‘ Cool Blue’ there was not a significant difference in regeneration percent, bud production and number of leaves in all of the explant types. In cv. ‘ Rondita’ the highest regeneration percent were observed in leaf blade (91. 66%), petiole (91. 66%) and petiole without epidermal (83. 33%). Whereas in cv. ‘ Knight Rider’ maximum regeneration percent (100%) was detected in leaf blade, whole inflorescence, flower without petals and petiole. The maximum (8. 25) number of plantlets per explants in the in vivo method was observed in cv. ‘ Cool Blue’ . Flowering time was significantly higher (180 to 230 days) in explants propagated at in vitro conditions compared to the ones propagated by in vivo method (120 to 140 days)., However, the number of regenerated buds at in vitro culture was significantly higher than in vivo culture.

Orchids are one of the most popular plants in the world and among them Phalaenopsis genus have the most sales in a Global Market. Because of its hard propagation, micropropagation technique has been employed recently. In this study, we tried to find out useful protocol for commercial production through in vitro culture. At first, for seed capsules production, flowers were pollinated with hand in different months. Afterwards, their seeds were compared for percentage and speed of germination in ½ MS, Vacin & Went and Chen media. The highest percent of seed germination (% 83. 37) achieved from Chen medium. After that nodes on the Flower stalk were studied for their shoot formation potential. The best result (15. 3 produced planets from one node) obtained from MS medium contained 4. 40 mgL-1 BA and 1 mgL-1 NAA. Then, sterile leaves from produced plants were inoculated on Chen medium supplemented with TDZ, BA and NAA hormones in different concentrations for protocorm production. Best result was obtained (58. 26 protocorm per explant) from 3 mgL-1 TDZ treatment. Finally, plants transferred to greenhouse for acclimatization and cultured on two different media. Plants produced from seed, node and leaf showed 99%, 100% and 93% survival on medium two, respectively. The shortest time span from acclimatization to flowering (16 month) of plants was achieved from plants obtained from nodes.

Whereas reducing carbon pollutant and fossil fuel energy consumption have become the most important environmental and economic concerns in the world, electric vehicles and their cooling system are in automotive industry manufacturers and designers agendum more than ever. Various motor electromagnetic and mechanical losses act as heat sources and could lead to performance falloff and premature exhaustion indisputably, if they don’, t dissipate by an appropriate cooling system. Thus, in present work, a model has been prepared in Motor-CAD software for Nissan LEAF’, s BPM electric motor and after modelling various losses in it by means of 2D and 3D simulations with finite element method, it has been attentively investigated in terms of cooling system performance and hotspot temperatures and locations in four popular distinct standard driving cycles. It has been revealed in results that diversities in driving patterns can lead to different thermal reactions in vehicle’, s electric motor. These changes can even rearrange thermal critical points and move hotspots to different parts of motor. Beside quantitative point of maximum temperatures, various transient responses have been monitored in simulations results and hotspot location moved differently in each cycle. Main novelty of the present research is clarifying the point that in order to design an efficient and suitable cooling system for electric motors in vehicles, driving pattern characteristics must be taken into account.

The Hyoscyamus genus has been always regarded as a medical herb because of the therapeutic effects attributed to its contained tropan alkaloids. Hence, propagation of this plant in a fast and cost-effective manner is very important. Somatic embryogenesis is a great help in this field. The aim of the current study is to gain knowledge about mechanism of somatic embryogenesis via protein changes' assessment in different stages of embryo formation. In this study leaf culture on MS medium containing BAP and IAA lead to embryogenesis. Quantitative protein evaluation in different stages of embryo development showed changes in protein content. The qualitative evaluation of proteins was performed using electrophoresis of two types of poly-acryl amide jells in discontinued system (PAGE and SDS-PAGE). Molecular mass of peptide as well as peptide separated bonds were calculated, and it cleared that during embryogenesis different proteins and peptides undergo up-regulation, down-regulation, and modulation. In addition, main and fundamental proteins and peptides were known.

The usual method of Haworthia attenuatae propagation hasn’t commercial returns due to the low number of offsets and rooting of leaf cuttings. In the present study, micro-propagation of this plant was evaluated using leaf explants and BAP, and KIN (0.5, 1 and 2 mg / l) in combination with NAA (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/l). The results showed that the maximum number of shoots was regenerated using BAP in combination with NAA from the basal leaf segment explant. The maximum number of leaves (3.55) and the longest leaves (0.61 cm) were obtained on medium containing 2 mg/l BAP and 0.01 mg/l NAA using the basal leaf segment explant and the widest Leaves (0.44 to 0.48 cm) was observed on the medium containing 2 mg/l BAP without or with low concentration of NAA. The results of KIN application showed that the longest leaves (0.56 cm) with the maximum numbers (2.45) were obtained on medium containing 2 mg/l KIN and 0.01 mg/l NAA from the entire leaf explant. More over, the widest leaves (0.87 cm) was produced on medium supplemented with 2 mg/l KIN. The findings of rooting on MS and½ MS media supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 mg/l NAA showed that the highest number (4.33) and the longest roots (2.16 cm) were produced on ½MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l NAA. 90% of rooted plantlets were adapted to the greenhouse environment. Totally, the accurate optimization of this protocol can be applied to commercial micro-propagation of H. Attenuatae from leaf explants.